• Start Date: 2015-01-02
• RFC PR: rust-lang/rfcs#494
• Rust Issue: rust-lang/rust#20444

Summary

• Remove the std::c_vec module
• Move std::c_str under a new std::ffi module, not exporting the c_str module.
• Focus CString on Rust-owned bytes, providing a static assertion that a pile of bytes has no interior nuls but has a trailing nul.
• Provide convenience functions for translating C-owned types into slices in Rust.

Motivation

The primary motivation for this RFC is to work out the stabilization of the c_str and c_vec modules. Both of these modules exist for interoperating with C types to ensure that values can cross the boundary of Rust and C relatively safely. These types also need to be designed with ergonomics in mind to ensure that it’s tough to get them wrong and easy to get them right.

The current CString and CVec types are quite old and are long due for a scrutinization, and these types are currently serving a number of competing concerns:

1. A CString can both take ownership of a pointer as well as inspect a pointer.
2. A CString is always allocated/deallocated on the libc heap.
3. A CVec looks like a slice but does not quite act like one.
4. A CString looks like a byte slice but does not quite act like one.
5. There are a number of pieces of duplicated functionality throughout the standard library when dealing with raw C types. There are a number of conversion functions on the Vec and String types as well as the str and slice modules.

In general all of this functionality needs to be reconciled with one another to provide a consistent and coherence interface when operating with types originating from C.

Detailed design

In refactoring all usage could be categorized into one of three categories:

1. A Rust type wants to be passed into C.
2. A C type was handed to Rust, but Rust does not own it.
3. A C type was handed to Rust, and Rust owns it.

The current CString attempts to handle all three of these concerns all at once, somewhat conflating desires. Additionally, CVec provides a fairly different interface than CString while providing similar functionality.

A new std::ffi

Note: an old implementation of the design below can be found in a branch of mine

The entire c_str module will be deleted as-is today and replaced with the following interface at the new location std::ffi:

#[deriving(Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
pub struct CString { /* ... */ }

impl CString {
    pub fn from_slice(s: &[u8]) -> CString { /* ... */ }
    pub fn from_vec(s: Vec<u8>) -> CString { /* ... */ }
    pub unsafe fn from_vec_unchecked(s: Vec<u8>) -> CString { /* ... */ }

    pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[libc::c_char] { /* ... */ }
    pub fn as_slice_with_nul(&self) -> &[libc::c_char] { /* ... */ }
    pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] { /* ... */ }
    pub fn as_bytes_with_nul(&self) -> &[u8] { /* ... */ }
}

impl Deref<[libc::c_char]> for CString { /* ... */ }
impl Show for CString { /* ... */ }

pub unsafe fn c_str_to_bytes<'a>(raw: &'a *const libc::c_char) -> &'a [u8] { /* ... */ }
pub unsafe fn c_str_to_bytes_with_nul<'a>(raw: &'a *const libc::c_char) -> &'a [u8] { /* ... */ }

The new CString API is focused solely on providing a static assertion that a byte slice contains no interior nul bytes and there is a terminating nul byte. A CString is usable as a slice of libc::c_char similar to how a Vec is usable as a slice, but a CString can also be viewed as a byte slice with a concrete u8 type. The default of libc::c_char was chosen to ensure that .as_ptr() returns a pointer of the right value. Note that CString does not provide a DerefMut implementation to maintain the static guarantee that there are no interior nul bytes.

Constructing a CString

One of the major departures from today’s API is how a CString is constructed. Today this can be done through the CString::new function or the ToCStr trait. These two construction vectors serve two very different purposes, one for C-originating data and one for Rust-originating data. This redesign of CString is solely focused on going from Rust to C (case 1 above) and only supports constructors in this flavor.

The first constructor, from_slice, is intended to allow CString to implement an on-the-stack buffer optimization in the future without having to resort to a Vec with its allocation. This is similar to the optimization performed by with_c_str today. Of the other two constructors, from_vec will consume a vector, assert there are no 0 bytes, an then push a 0 byte on the end. The from_vec_unchecked constructor will not perform the verification, but will still push a zero. Note that both of these constructors expose the fact that a CString is not necessarily valid UTF-8.

The ToCStr trait is removed entirely (including from the prelude) in favor of these construction functions. This could possibly be re-added in the future, but for now it will be removed from the module.

Working with *const libc::c_char

Instead of using CString to look at a *const libc::c_char, the module now provides two conversion functions to go from a C string to a byte slice. The signature of this function is similar to the new std::slice::from_raw_buf function and will use the lifetime of the pointer itself as an anchor for the lifetime of the returned slice.

These two functions solve the use case (2) above where a C string just needs to be inspected. Because a C string is fundamentally just a pile of bytes, it’s interpreted in Rust as a u8 slice. With these two functions, all of the following functions will also be deprecated:

• std::str::from_c_str - this function should be replaced with ffi::c_str_to_bytes plus one of str::from_utf8 or str::from_utf8_unchecked.
• String::from_raw_buf - similarly to from_c_str, each step should be composed individually to perform the required checks. This would involve using ffi::c_str_to_bytes, str::from_utf8, and .to_string().
• String::from_raw_buf_len - this should be replaced the same way as String::from_raw_buf except that slice::from_raw_buf is used instead of ffi.

Removing c_vec

The new ffi module serves as a solution to desires (1) and (2) above, but the third use case is left unsolved so far. This is what the current c_vec module is attempting to solve, but it does so in a somewhat ad-hoc fashion. The constructor for the type takes a proc destructor to invoke when the vector is dropped to allow for custom destruction. To make matters a little more interesting, the CVec type provides a default constructor which invokes libc::free on the pointer.

Transferring ownership of pointers without a custom deallocation function is in general quite a dangerous operation for libraries to perform. Not all platforms support the ability to malloc in one library and free in the other, and this is also generally considered an antipattern.

Creating a custom wrapper struct with a simple Deref and Drop implementation as necessary is likely to be sufficient for this use case, so this RFC proposes removing the entire c_vec module with no replacement. It is expected that a utility crate for interoperating with raw pointers in this fashion may manifest itself on crates.io, and inclusion into the standard library can be considered at that time.

Working with C Strings

The design above has been implemented in a branch of mine where the fallout can be seen. The primary impact of this change is that the to_c_str and with_c_str methods are no longer in the prelude by default, and CString::from_* must be called in order to create a C string.

Drawbacks

• Whenever Rust works with a C string, it’s tough to avoid the cost associated with the initial length calculation. All types provided here involve calculating the length of a C string up front, and no type is provided to operate on a C string without calculating its length.

• With the removal of the ToCStr trait, unnecessary allocations may be made when converting to a CString. For example, a Vec<u8> can be called by directly calling CString::from_vec, but it may be more frequently called via CString::from_slice, resulting in an unnecessary allocation. Note, however, that one would have to remember to call into_c_str on the ToCStr trait, so it doesn’t necessarily help too much.

• The ergonomics of operating C strings have been somewhat reduced as part of this design. The CString::from_slice method is somewhat long to call (compared to to_c_string), and convenience methods of going straight from a *const libc::c_char were deprecated in favor of only supporting a conversion to a slice.

Alternatives

• There is an alternative RFC which discusses pursuit of today’s general design of the c_str module as well as a refinement of its current types.

• The from_vec_unchecked function could do precisely 0 work instead of always pushing a 0 at the end.

Unresolved questions

• On some platforms, libc::c_char is not necessarily just one byte, which these types rely on. It’s unclear how much this should affect the design of this module as to how important these platforms are.

• Are the *_with_nul functions necessary on CString?